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Ciba-Geigy Corporation. 1984a. MRID No. 00144691. Available from EPA. Write to FOI, EPA, Washington, DC 20460.
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Tusing T.W. 1956. 13-week subacute Thimet feeding study in male and female rats. Unpublished report of the American Cyanamid Co. Initial scientific and mini-economic review of Phorate (Thimet). Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC

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Shellenberger, T.; Tegeris, A. (1987) One-year Oral Toxicity Study in Purebred Beagle Dogs with AC 35,024: Laboratory Project Id: 85015. Unpublished study prepared by Tegeris Laboratories, Inc. 881 p. MRID 40174527
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Chu, I., D.C. Villeneuve, V.E. Valli and V.E. Secours. 1984. Toxicity of 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in the rat: Results of a 90- day feeding study. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 7: 113-127.
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Shell Development Company. 1984. MRID No. 00151030. Available from EPA. Write to FOI, EPA, Washington, DC 20460.
B.V. Duphar. 1985. MRID No. 00146147. Available from EPA. Write to FOI, EPA, Washington, DC 20460.
Linder, R., T. Scotti, J. Goldstein, K. McElroy and D. Walsh. 1980. Acute and subchronic toxicity of pentachlorobenzene. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4: 183-196.
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based on reduced body weight gain and decreased food intake
based on significant dose-related reduction in body weight gain and decreased food consumption. At higher doses, emaciation, reduced body tone and piloerection, ataxia, hunched posture, subdued appearance and hair loss,absolute weights of the heart, liver, kidneys and spleen were observed. A statistically significant increase in relative brain weight was reported in males in all dose groups and in females at mid doses. Two males and three females died at highest dose.
based on reduced final mean body weights/body weight gains and decreased food intake. Clinical signs of toxicity, including ruffled fur and thin appearance were reported in both sexes
based on decreased blood glucose level, brown coloured liver and increased salivation in both sexes.  Increased platelet counts were observed only in female rats at 30 mg/kg-bw per day. Increased urea nitrogen and total billirubin levels, and elevated alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in blood were observed in high dose males. Prone and lateral position, staggering gait, decreased locomotor activity and startle reflex, increased frequency of hydrophobic changes in the renal tubules, significantly diminished food consumption and reduced body weight gain were observed in both sexes of animals at high dose level. One male and three female rats in high dose groups died during treatment
based on significant reduced mean body weight and decreased food consumption in both sexes. A statistically significant decrease in the absolute weights and an increase in the relative weights of various organs (heart, liver, kidney and spleen weights in males and brain weights in females) were also observed in high groups. The slight changes in clinical chemistry (increase in alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase).
based on increased relative uterus weights in females and relative testes weights in males
based on reduced body weight and decreased food intake. Overt signs of toxicity including ruffled fur, thin appearance, discolouration of body parts, salivation, hypoactivity, convulsions and seizures; hunched posture, ptosis, ataxia and dyspnea were observed in both sexes of rats at 1500 ppm (121 mg/kg-day) and above. Abnormalities of clinical chemistry (increased alkaline phosphatase activity and bile acid concentration; decreased total protein, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations) and abnormalities of haematology (increased erythrocyte counts, hematocrit values, and hemoglobin concentrations) were also observed at 1500 ppm and above. Histopathological exams revealed depletion and necrosis in tissues from a number of organs in the highest dose treated males and females. Significantly decreased organ weights were also observed in two high doses treated rats. All the effects observed at two high doses were considered by the study author as the result of lower food intake, reduced body weight gain and poor body condition. All females and 3 males in the top dose groups died before the end of the study .
based on uterine hypoplasia at 750 ppm (64 mg/kg-day) and above and extended oestrus cycle length at 1 500 ppm (121 mg/kg-day) were observed in females. Significantly decreased sperm motility at 1 500 ppm, depletion of the prostate, hypospermia, decreased spermatogenesis and reduced absolute weights of the prostate gland and testis at 3 000 ppm (166 mg/kg-day) were reported in males 
based on decreased body weight and body weight gain.Hair loss, abnormal posture and ptosis were observed at 1 500 ppm (226 mg/kg-day)and above. Significant decreased absolute organ weights and increased relative organ weights observed at 1 500 ppm and above were evaluated as not a specifically toxic response but rather were correlated with the clearly reduced body weights by the study author.
based on reduced sperm density/motility in males and extended oestrus cycle length in females
based on a significant nonlinear increase in the frequency of sperm abnormalities, decreased sperm counts, and testis weights, and irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules. histological examination of the testes of exposed mice revealed irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules with no defined basement membrane, a loss of interstitial cells, and reduced numbers of spermatids and spermatozoa in the tubule lumens in a time-dependent manner. After 7 day of exposure, the males were mated at weekly intervals to untreated females. A dose-dependent decrease in fertility indices / numbers of implants per pregnancy and increase in early and late foetal deaths (from week 7) were reported in untreated pregnant females (sacrificed on day 13 of pregnancy).
based on a dose-dependent increase in incidence of sperm abnormalities in male.
based on a slight, but statistically significant increase in sperms with folded tails but normal heads in male
based on significant reduced mean number of implants. The incidence of external or skeletal abnormalities in treated groups was similar to that of the control group.
based on significantly reduced foetal weight and an increase in the incidence of foetuses with incomplete ossification or bent ribs in the offspring. An increase in the post-implantation losses was observed in the high dose dams.
based on a statistically significant reduction in mean body weight/body weight gain and clinical signs of toxicity (hair loss, lethargy, tachypnea, decreased limb tone, prostrate and ataxia, etc.) in pregnant rats
based on a marked decrease in body weight gain was observed at this dose level and above. Lethargic behaviour and ataxia occurred in four rats in the 50 mg/kg/day dose group and one rat in the 100 mg/kg/day dose group (primarily during gestation days 6 to 9). Prostrate behaviour and tachypnea were observed in one rat in each of the 50 and 100 mg/kg/day dose groups. The necropsy examinations of decedents showed congestion of various organs. All the rats in the top two dose groups and four in the 100 mg/kg-bw per day dose group died between gestation days 7 to 11
prolongation of prothrombin time, increased liver weight, degeneration of spermatids and vacuolation of Sertoli cells
increased relative liver weight (18-month study); no increases in tumour incidence observed in rats exposed to up to 42.3 mg/kg-bw per day for 18 months
decreased absolute and relative testis weights, testis tubule atrophy and decreased spermatogenesis
Mortalities were noted in both sexes at both dose levels, accompanied by excessive body weight deficits, suggesting that the maximum tolerated dose was exceeded
Body weight gain was significantly depressed in both males and females from the low- and high-dose groups. Survival was not affected in mice
granular spleens were observed in males of all dose groups and in females in the top two dose groups, Spleens were also dark and enlarged in all animals in the top two dose groups. body weight was decreased more than 10% in the top two dose groups.
body weight was decreased more than 10% in the top three dose groups, and all animals in the top two dose groups had spleens that were dark and enlarged
based on slight hemolytic anemia and morphological changes in spleen (hemosiderosis, hyperaemia, increased hematopoiesis) in both sexes; as well as increased bilirubin and increased relative liver weight in females
change in blood pyruvate and thyroid hormone levels
external or visceral malformations or skeletal variations, including microphthalmia or anophthalmia and hydrocephaly or microcephaly
decreased group mean litter size in F0 generation
based on slight enlargement of hepatocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration and focal necrosis of hepatocytes at this dose and higher. Absolute and relative liver weight was significantly increased at the highest dose.
based upon enlargement of hepatocytes, very slight focal necrosis of hepatocytes, and decreased serum triglyceride levels in female offspring at this dose. There was also an increase in total serum cholesterol in male offspring at this dose
based on polycystic lesions associated with the dilation of the tubules in the kidneys of 2 of 6 males at this dose, Effects on the kidney were observed at the two highest doses,  Diarrhea observed
NOAEL of 40 mg/kg bw per day for the purpose of risk characterization. However, it is considered that the effect on the kidneys is the result of “unconventional direct gavage administration of very high doses of TBBPA to such young animals and the immature metabolic capability and/or immature kidneys. Therefore, the relevance to human health of this isolated finding is considered questionable”
based on a decrease in serum T4 levels in F0 and F1 offspring at this does and higher 
based on decreased relative uterine weight in female offspring, Relative kidney weights decreased significantly
based on a decrease in binding sites of the nicotinic ligand cytisine in frontal cortex, but not in the parietal cortex or hippocampus in male neonate mice
based on a transient increase in reelin-expressing interneurons in the dentate hilus
based on a decrease in T3-independent transcription activation of both Trh and Mc4r promoter genes in the hypothalamus of offspring on PND 2
statistically significant increase in thyroid weights and a decrease in relative liver weights. no histopathological changes were found in the liver and only one dam in 6 had diffuse follicular cell hyperplasia in the thyroid
acute effects were observed at those doses including methemoglobin levels elevated by at least 10%in combination with reported clinical signs of cyanosis and/or methemoglobinemia
dose-related increase in relative liver weight
based on transiently increased liver weight, hypertrophy and raised palmitoyl coenzyme A oxidase in rats
increased liver weight in male cynomolgus monkeys
based on dose-related increases in serum ALT, AP and albumin in males and females; and ataxia and a slight increase in ovarian tubular hyperplasia in females
based on maternal toxicity (increased liver weight)
fetal toxicity (reduced ossification, early puberty in males) in mice
based on parental toxicity (kidney and liver weight increases) in F0 and F1 males. (NOAEL for reproductive parameters = 30 mg/kg-bw per day)
increased relative kidney weights, polycystic renal changes, increased urine volume and specific gravity
polyuria, cloudiness of the urine, tubular dilation of the kidney
Centrilobular hepatocytes of female mice in 16000 ppm group were larger than control; the cytoplasm of these enlarged hepatocytes was filled with eosinophilic granules identified as peroxisomes.
significant increases of calculi formation and hyperplasia of transitional epithelium of high dose males. Urinary pH was significantly higher in high-dose males. A much lower (non-significant) incidence of transitional cell hyperplasia and calculi was also observed in high dose females. Hematuria was noted in both sexes at the high dose, with the incidence much higher in males than females; urinary pH was also increased in high dose males. Calculus formation, hyperplasia and mineralization of the renal pelvis were also observed in exposed rats of both sexes. Serum enzyme and blood urea nitrogen levels were increased at 38 mg/kg bw per day and above
Dose-dependent effects, i.e., reduced body wt gain, alterations in serum enzymes (aspartate transaminase (decreased), alanine transaminase (increased and decreased) and lactate dehydrogenase (increased and decreased) were noted at both doses
based on these dose-dependent increases and hematuria; dose-dependent increases in the presence of stones in the kidney, ureter and bladder in both sexes
An increase was reported in the incidence of stones in the kidney, ureter and bladder in rats in the high dose group
Non-neoplastic effects in the liver included an increased incidence of basophilic cell foci in females at 2000 and 6000 ppm. Non-neoplastic effects in the liver included an increased incidence of basophilic cell foci in females at 414 and 1420 mg/kg bw per day. Non-neoplastic effects observed in the kidneys included necrotic desquamation of urothelium in the renal pelvis was noted in males and females (significant at 6000 ppm only), as well as mineralization in the inner stripe of the outer medulla in females (significant at 2000 ppm and above). Significant increases in serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase), blood urea nitrogen level increased in mid- and high-dose males and high-dose females and calcium levels increased in mid- and high-dose females . Body weights were significantly decreased at 6000 ppm in both sexes throughout the study.
Fetal toxicity, including nonsignificant increases in fetuses with missing or non-ossified sternebrae
maternal toxicity present but was not specified
Decreased fertility, litter size and growth rate were noted in rats in 750 mg/kg bw dose group
significantly reduced body weight and reduced body weight gain, reduced absolute and increased relative organ weights in rats
reduced weanling body weight, exposure-related changes in absolute and relative organ weights in male and female rats
based on significantly reduced body weight and reduced body weight gain, reduced absolute and increased relative organ weights; and an increased incidence of minimal to mild hepatocyte hypertrophy in adult male and female mice.
reduced weanling body weight, exposure-related changes in absolute and relative organ weights in male and female rats, and hypoplasia of seminiferous tubules and delayed acquisition of preputial separation, as well as a slight increase in the incidence of undescended testes in weanling male mice
clinical signs and significant reduction in maternal weight gains
no effect on the percentage resorptions, number of live fetuses per litter, average fetal body weight per litter, or incidence of malformations, even in the presence of significant maternal toxicity (clinical signs and significant reduction in maternal weight gains)
decreased maternal weight gain during treatment and gestation periods, principally as a result of the 40% resorption rate in this group. Increased relative maternal liver weight in all BPA groups may be an indication of hepatotoxicity, although the highdose group value is also influenced by the high resorption rate and attendant decreased body weight.
significantly increased the percentage of resorptions per litter and caused a significant decrease in average fetal body weight. BPA did not significantly affect the number of live fetuses per litter or cause an increase in the proportion of fetuses malformed per litter.
resulted in an increase in prostate size in male offspring beginning at 2 µg/kg-bw per day and reduced epididymal weight and decreased daily sperm production. It also resulted in increased postnatal growth in both males and females and early onset of sexual maturation in female offspring, observed following exposure to 2.4 µg/kg-bw per day (Howdeshell et al. 1999)
displayed disrupted development of the prostate as shown by an increase in the number and size of the prostate ducts and an increase in the overall volume of the prostate; a malformation of the urethra was also observed
did not produce reproductive toxicity in studies assessing outcomes in CF-1 mice
Nor was there an effect on sperm density or male reproductive organ development following bisphenol A exposure of estrogen-sensitive C57Bl/6N mice during various life stages 
no significant adverse treatment-related changes in the multiple reproductive and developmental endpoints assessed
no significant effect on any male reproductive endpoint investigated. These included male reproductive development, reproductive hormone levels or sperm production
examined substance-induced changes in brain receptors noted a fluctuating increase in the number of neurons expressing ERa and ERß after oral administration of 2 µg/kg-bw per day
targeting the period of juvenile development, resulted in a transient and gender-specific (female only) increase in ERa levels in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
Increased motor activity (hyperactivity) through nocturnal phase (12-hr dark period); 1.3 times as active as controls. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in substantia nigra largely reduced (not quantified). Increase in TUNEL positive cells with nuclear condensation (apoptotic) in substantia nigra. Gene expression of dopamine transporter was completely inhibited. [BPA thought to contribute to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons].
failed to induce volumetric changes to the SDN-POA
slightly reduced anxiety-related behaviour in male rats. This behaviour was somewhat increased in females
normal gender difference in numbers of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons was disrupted in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and preoptic area in Wistar rats following gestational and lactational exposure in drinking water
effect of bisphenol A exposure on general locomotory and exploratory activity, anxiety and learning and memory in rodents. Reduced D-amphetamine-related reinforcing effects in females (Laviolaet al. 2005) and decreased or eliminated sex-related behavioural differences (Gioiosa et al. 2007) which lead to organizational effects during critical periods of brain development in rodents.
Fewer correct avoidance responses in active avoidance test trials 1 to 3 of 4 (suggests slower learning).
Reduced memory retention at 0.25 mg/kg per day in males (not significant) and females (significant). (Neonatal exposure on Morris water maze performance )
Significant increase in proliferation of forestomach epithelium and increase in DNA synthesis in rat glandular stomach (both sexes) 
slight decrease in maternal weight only at 333 mg/kg-day.Higher doses, i.e., 667 or 1000 mg/kg caused maternal deaths, decreased implantation sites
decrease in litter size and teratogenic effects in offspring including abnormalities of hind limb, tail and urogenital system
benign proliferative glandular stomach lesions were seen in 33 or 65 mg/kg group. Submucosal hyperplasia or adenomas of glandular stomach found in 33 mg/kg and higher dose groups. Adenocarcinoma of glandular stomach found in 3/25 rats in 318 mg/kg dose group. Incidence of acinar cell adenoma (pancreas) increased significantly in rats in 318 mg/kg dose group
based on dose-related reduced body weight gain, rales, and increased salivation
based on peroxisome proliferation in both sexes, increased liver weights in females, and increased lauric acid 12-hydroxylase activity in males; cytoplasmic basophilia in livers of males at 617 mg/kg-bw per day (along with increased absolute and relative liver weights) and in both sexes at 1286 mg/kg-bw per day, increased mitotic activity and focal necrosis in the liver of both sexes, and significantly higher levels of microsomal proteins as well as lower body weights and cytoplasmic eosinophilia in livers of males; Male rats fed 1286 mg/kg-bw per day of DEHA had lower feed consumption compared with controls. Occasional lower body weights were also noted for male rats fed 51.4 and 617 mg/kg-bw per .
based on evidence of lower body weights in males, increased catalase activity, and liver weights at this dose; Males at the mid and high doses had lower body weights, whereas the females were unaffected; Relative liver weights were significantly higher at the mid and high doses groups and no changes were noted in the low dose group. Triglyceride levels in mid and high dose males at 1 week and high dose males at 3 weeks were significantly lower than in the control group. Catalase activity was significantly higher in mid and high dose groups beginning at week 1. Activity remained high even after recovery. Hepatocellular hypertrophy was noted in high dose males at 1 and 3 weeks. Hypertrophy was noted only in a few high dose females at 3 weeks. No lesions were found after recovery. Cholesterol levels were lower at 1 and 3 weeks, but no differences were noted at the 2 week recovery.
based on evidence of significantly decreased plasma cholesterol levels; Author suggested that plasma cholesterol synthesis was diminished by DEHA .
based on increased lauric acid 11- (at week 1) and lauric acid 12-hydroxylation activities; Reduction in body weight; Reduction in body weight; Hepatocellular replication (measured by BrdU) increased; Palmitoyl-CoA oxidation was higher than in the controls.
based on evidence of weight gain depression;
based on evidence of reduced weight gain;
based on liver enzyme induction (i.e. microsomal lauric acid 11- and 12-hydroxylase activities); and based on reduced growth and food consumption, altered organ weight (either kidney or liver; increase or decrease not specified), and microscopic lesions observed in either the liver, kidney, or testis (specific organ not indicated).
based on decreased body weight gain in rats
Except in the liver, where tumours (carcinoma and adenoma combined) developed in female mice, no histopathological changes were observed; Although hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas (combined) were also increased in male mice.
based on increased atresia of the large follicle, decreases in relative ovary weight and currently formed corpus luteum, increases in estrus cycle length, and the presence of follicular cysts in female;
based on a significant increase in relative liver and kidney weights with associated histopathology (eosinophilic change of proximal tube in the kidney); There was a reduction in body weight gain.
based on a significant increase in post-implantation loss rate. There was a significant decrease in implantation rate and live embryos and an increase in pre-implantation loss rate at 2000 mg/kg-bw
based on disturbance of the estrous cycle and increased follicle atresia in female
slight fetal toxicity (reduced ossification and kinked or dilated ureters);  decreases in pup body weight gain, total litter weight, and litter size
based on increased pre-implantation loss ; a reduction of maternal weight gain and food consumption in pregnant female ;evidence of decreased body weight gain in dams during gestation, increased (relative and absolute) liver weight in both sexe.
based on a dose-related increase in postnatal deaths
prostate, decreases in reproductive organ weight, decreases in overall foetal body weight at PND1 in offspring; anogenital distance , nipple retention, preputial separation. Malformations include cryptorchidism, hypospadias, testicular pathology and/or reproductive effects, such as fertility in offspring (sperm number, motility) or reproductive success at adult stage after in utero exposure
alter testicular testosterone. At high dose,  decrease foetal viability and increase embryotoxicity
decreases in overall foetal body weight at PND1, embryotoxicity and effects on the incidence of external, skeletal or visceral malformations .  ((effect on male pup ONLY)
The critical effects included alteration of fertility and pregnancy outcomes (statistically significant increase in post-implantation losses per litter, resorptions per litter and number of live foetuses per litter) (Saillenfait et al. 2006) and an increased number of resorptions (Saillenfait et al. 2005), occurring at doses of 750 mg/kg bw/day and higher (NOAEL of 500 mg/kg bw/day)
Reproductive tract malformations include cryptorchidism and transabdominal testicular migration, testicular pathology-ectopic
decrease in testicular testosterone levels at similar dose levels where effects on masculinization parameters and reproductive tract malformations were observed in developing male foetus
decrease in testicular testosterone levels and body weight were observed in developing male;anogenital distance and Reproductive tract malformations include testicular pathology
transient decrease in body weigth and decreases in reproductive organ weight
decrease foetal viability (all pup died) and embryotoxicity
vimentin filament disorganization in Sertoli cells, and decrease in reproductive organ weight; increase apoptotic spermatogenic cells
increase quantity/production of testicular testosterone, serum testosterone. Decreased overall body weight,  decreased reproductive organ weight and increase live wt; decrease spermatogenesis
Decreased overall body weight,  decreased reproductive organ weight and increase live wt
a decrease in body weight gain (more than 10%) was observed in males and females treated at the highest dose, Terminal body weights were significantly lower than controls among rats treated at the highest dose. Increases in absolute and relative liver weight were also observed in both sexes at the highest dose tested, and absolute and relative testes weights were significantly reduced at that dose level in males.
apoptotic spermatogenic cells (no dose relationship)
Decreased overall body weight,  increase reproductive organ weight, increase live wt and decrease kidney wt
increased changes in liver dodecanoic acid 12-hydroxylase activity and a decrease in serum triglyceride levels were observed. Increased absolute and relative liver weights, increased serum albumin levels and decreased cholesterol levels were also observed at the highest dose tested
reduced growth was observed in animals exposed at the highest dose (terminal body weight was approximately 62% of controls and 75% of other dose groups). A significant increase in absolute and relative liver weight and a significant increase in relative kidney weight were also observed in animals treated with 1417 and 2975 mg/kg bw/day, respectively
changes in lipid metabolism (significant reduction in hepatic total cholesterol and total lipid content among treated animals; 31% and 9%, respectively) were observed
effects on growth and on the kidneys. Growth rate (body weight gain) in the 4% and 8% groups was slightly, but statistically, decreased from controls (magnitude of change was not reported). Kidney damage was observed at the highest dose
Mortality was observed from 3500 mg/kg bw/day with 10% lethality at that dose level, 50% lethality at 7000 mg/kg bw/day, and 100% lethality at the highest dose tested
transient body wt changes, increase relative liver wt
Increase abs, rel liver weight. Decrease quantity/production of testicular testosterone, serum testosterone
Occasional significant differences in body weights, body weight gains, food consumption and food efficiencies. No effects were noted on fertility indices, gestation length, pup survival, pup clinical observations, or pup anomalies
LOEL based on pigment (iron) deposition in the spleens; increase in reticulocytes; haemoglobin concentrations were slightly depressed (non-significant); Hyperplasias of the urinary bladder; Thickening of the urinary epithelium, due to hypertrophy; thickness of the female urinary epithelia;Pigment deposition, indicative of iron accumulation, was observed in the spleens of all rats.
LOEL based on a non-significant increase in the occurrence of hyperplasia of the urinary epithelium.  Increased urinary pH; Simple hyperplasia or the urinary epithelium was evident; Simple hyperplasia was also observed in the renal pelvis; significantly increased indices of cell proliferation in the urinary bladder mucosa; areas of necrosis and exfoliation were observed over the entire mucosa with hyperplasia and small round cells having uniform or pleomorphic microvilli present.
LOEL based on haemolysis coupled with haematopoiesis. Discoloured (red) or bloody urine was observed at high doses; Body weights were significantly decrease and Weight gain was also depressed; Haemolytic anaemia with compensatory haematopoiesis was observed (significant decreases in red blood cell [RBC] counts, haemoglobin levels, and hematocrit. Increased mean cell volume [MCV], mean cell haemoglobin [MCH], abnormal RBC form, reticulocyte counts and leukocyte counts); increased plasma bilirubin levels; increased incidence of swollen, dark and discoloured spleens; Spleen fibrosis was increased in incidence; one marrow activation was evident from increased hematopoietic bone marrow; urinary tract included bladder wall thickening;  Epithelial focal hyperplasia in the urinary tract and renal pelvis was increased in incidence; Liver changes included increased weight, swelling, discolouration, vacuolar cell degeneration, round cell infiltration and hyperaemia, which were observed.
LOEL based on haemolytic anaemia and liver toxicity in both sexes, and urinary bladder toxicity in females. Body weights were significantly reduced; Overall food intake was increased and food efficiency was decreased; significant increases in group MCV and MCH occurred in all treated mice at various times throughout the study; Increased reticulocyte counts were seen in males and females of the high-dose group. Changes in haematology were accompanied by increases in absolute and relative spleen weights, serum bilirubin and iron deposits in the spleen ; Leukocyte counts were increased (After 2 years, high-dose females had a 98% increase in leukocyte counts); Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was increased by 95% in males after 24 months and by 66% in females after 6 months at the high dose compared with controls; Absolute and relative liver weights were increased; Liver toxicity was indicated by microscopic examination, which identified increased mitosis, centrilobular hypertrophy in males, Kupffer cell clusters in males, enlarged and degenerative liver cells in females and single cell necroses in females; Effects on the urinary bladder included oedema, thickened mucosa and epithelial hyperplasia in high-dose females after 24 months of treatment. Hyperplasia was also evident in the high-dose females at 12 months. Uterine horn diameters were increased in females.
LOEL based on decreased body weight gains;High-dose dogs had normocytic to macrocytic normochromic anaemia; Brown pigment in the Kupffer cells of all high-dose dogs was suggestive of haemolysis. High-dose animals had increased numbers of erythroid precursors, and a moderate reduction in marrow fat as assessed by histological preparations. At the high dose, absolute and relative liver weights and liver-to-brain weights were increased in males and females .
LOEL for females based on anaemia and body weight loss. High-dose dogs had normocytic to macrocytic normochromic anaemia; Brown pigment in the Kupffer cells of all high-dose dogs was suggestive of haemolysis. High-dose animals had increased numbers of erythroid precursors, and a moderate reduction in marrow fat as assessed by histological preparations. At the high dose, absolute and relative liver weights and liver-to-brain weights were increased in males and females .
LOEL based on whole litter resorption, reduced foetal body weights and delayed ossification of the vertebrae and sternebrae, developmental effects only occurred at levels exceeding those that were maternally toxic.  (developmental effects are probably secondary to maternal toxicity)
Absolute body weights were significantly decreased; dams had a net weight loss ; Food consumption was significantly reduced; After exposure was terminated,weight gain was significantly greater.
Absolute body weights were significantly reduced in high-dose; Mean body weight gains were reduced; Food consumption was lower (maternal)
based on slightly reduced body weight gain in male rats ;There were no treatment-related effects upon microscopic examination
increased mortality in female mice; There were no treatment-related effects upon microscopic examination
based on a statistically significant increase in incidence of female rats with nephropathy
male mice showed increased incidences of coagulative liver necrosis; and of hepatocytomegaly.
The NOEL was estimated to be 10 mg mg/kg-bw per day based on mortality, body weight gain, gross and microscopic results
based on increased liver weight and aversion to dosing
based on significantly increased serum gastrin levels
At the two highest doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg-bw per day), significant increases in the incidence of cytological alteration, cytomegaly, Kupffer cell pigmentation, mixed foci of cellular alteration and bile duct hyperplasia of the liver and atrophy and chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the glandular stomach were observed. At the middle doses (30 and 100 mg/kg-bw per day), some changes in hematology, clinical chemistry and relative organ weights were observed. A LOEL of 10 mg/kg-bw per day was identified based on significant (p < 0.05) decreases in body weight or body weight gain (10%), an increase in relative kidney weight in female rats and a decrease in relative thymus weight in male rats
A significant increase in the incidence of cytological alteration, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia and subacute inflammation of the liver; and atrophy, degeneration, necrosis, edema, mitotic alteration, and cystic glands of the fundic region of the glandular stomach were observed. A LOEL of 30 mg/kg-bw per day was determined based on a significantly (p<0.05) increased incidence of lesions
significantly increased incidence of non-neoplastic lesions in the liver and glandular stomach in both sexes in a dose-related manner. The non-neoplastic lesions in liver included eosinophilic and mixed cell foci, hepatocellular hypertrophy, oval cell hyperplasia, cystic degeneration and bile duct hyperplasia (females); while the non-neoplastic lesions in the glandular stomach included mucosal atrophy and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
significantly increased incidence of non-neoplastic lesions in liver and glandular stomach in both sexes in a dose-related manner. The non-neoplastic lesions in liver included eosinophilic foci, oval cell hyperplasia, hepatocyte necrosis, portal hypertrophy, hematopoiltic cell proliferation, bile duct hyperplasia and hemosiderin pigmentation; while the non-neoplastic lesions in the glandular stomach included glandular ectasia, mucosal atrophy, chronic active inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
developmental toxicity based on intrauterine growth retardation and mildly delayed skeletal ossification in timed-mated Sprague-Dawley rats
 for respiratory effects (lung lesions) and gastrointestinal effects (stomach lesions)
maternal effects: slow respiration, lethargy, apnea, inability to move (lowest dose);  body weight effects and fetotoxicity identified at highest dose
decreased absolute brain, liver and spleen weights;
for developmental effects (decreased maternal weight gain > 20%) without fetotoxic or teratogenic effects; decreased fetal body weight and increased percentage of adversely affected implants per litter as significant trends, as well as an increased percentage (non-significant) of malformed fetuses per litter in next highest level, 450 mg/kg/day group
maternal dyspnea, cyanosis, body drop, hypoactivity with no pathological aberrations
for reproductive effects (> 10% maternal mortality); average number of live offspring per litter was decreased IARC (2002) suggests early embryonic absorption .
50 and 100 mg/kg bw/d, dams showed signs of mild respiratory distress, ocular discharge and hypoactivity
fetuses showed increased incidences of skeletal variations and subepidermal hematoma
Developmental effects (increased incidence of skeletal variations) were observed at 450 mg/kg bw/d in the presence of unspecified maternal toxicity in pregnant rats
CNS effects (ataxia and hypoactivity) were observed at 175 mg/kg bw/d in the F1 adults and at 450 mg/kg bw/d in the F0 and F1 generations.
based on CNS effects (hypoactivity, rapid laboured respiration, excessive salivation, and tremors).  At 450 mg/kg bw/d, convulsions occurred
based on CNS effects (at this dose, two animals showed tremors on study day 1 and one of these animals became comatose). At 600 mg/kg bw/d, 9 males and 19 females died, coma and convulsions were observed, and there was a decreased weight gain in survivors
based on decreased final body weights in female mice (also observed were forestomach epithelial hyperplasia in males at 2723 mg/kg bw/d, and a lengthened oestrous cycle in females at 3205 mg/kg bw/d)
 based on CNS effects (hypoactivity and rapid laboured respiration). At 600 mg/kg bw/d, convulsions occurred
based on a decreased red blood cell count
uterine atrophy in mice at 1670 and 5000 mg/kg bw/d
 decreased body-weight gain in rats at 2510 mg/kg bw/d
At 50 and 100 mg/kg bw/d, there was a dose-related increase in mortality, laboured breathing, ocular discharge, audible respiration, cyanosis and hypoactivity in the dams
maternal toxicity (mortality, ataxia, tremors, laboured breathing and audible respiration)
developmental toxicity (decreased body weight and increased incidence of skeletal variations in fetuses)
mortality, decreased body-weight gain in survivors, and mild perioral wetness (suggestive of salivation) were reported in animals treated with doses of 175 and 450 mg/kg bw/d in the F1 generation, and at the dose of 450 mg/kg bw/d in the F0 generation
based on CNS effects (hypoactivity, rapid laboured respiration, excessive salivation, and tremors). The highest dose (600 mg/kg bw/d) resulted in convulsions. Neurobehavioural tests, conducted six times over the 13 weeks, showed only sporadic differences that were not dose-related
based on decreased body-weight gain in males and mild haematological effects (6–8% decreases in red blood cell count and haemoglobin) in females. At the highest dose (600 mg/kg bw/d), effects observed were deaths in 3 of 30 animals, lethargy, salivation, tremors, convulsions, decreased body-weight gain, increased relative liver (males) and kidney weights, liver inflammation, and epithelial metaplasia of the trachea
increased incidence of forestomach hyperplasia was observed at 1415 mg/kg bw/d
nasal toxicity in mice (respiratory epithelial hyperplasia) at doses of 60–1590 mg/kg bw/d. In mice dosed at 1410–1590 mg/kg bw/d (the highest of five dose levels, including controls), there were overt signs of toxicity in both sexes (hunched posture, lethargy, hypothermia and laboured breathing), and decreased body-weight gain in males; and one male died
(respiratory epithelial hyperplasia and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium) at doses of 256–2180 mg/kg bw/d. In rats dosed at 2060–2180 mg/kg bw/d (the highest of six dose levels, including controls), body-weight gain was decreased in both sexes, and, in females, bone marrow hypocellularity and uterine atrophy were observed
clinical signs of toxicity and increased leukocytes
increased incidence of non-neoplastic changes in the liver (statistically significant increased incidence of hepatocellular adenoma in males and females at intakes of 0.64-2.21 mg/kg-bw per day)
m: reduced high-density lipoprotein and triiodothyronine levels, thymic atrophy. f: thymic atrophy
F0 (m) reduced body weight gains, F0 (f) reduced body weight gains during precohabitation, 
F1 (m/f) significantly reduced litter sizes and both viability and lactation indices; reductions in development, including delayed eye opening, surface righting, pinna unfolding and air righting reflex
maternal: reduced body weight gain over entire exposure period
fetal: decreased ossification of sternal centres per fetus per litter; reduced body weight
based on increased absolute and relative liver weights, fatty change, bile duct proliferation and oval cell infiltration
increased neonatal mortality throughout pre-weaning period
based on a significant decrease in body weights, significant increase in absolute and relative liver weights and significant increase in absolute and relative kidney weights observed in both male and female rats
based on hyperplasia of the convoluted tubule epithelium in the kidneys and histological abnormalities in the testes in male rats at 5 mg/kg bw/day and higher. At the next dose level of 20 mg/kg bw/day, a significant increase in absolute and relative kidney weights and a significant increase in relative liver weights were observed in both males and females. In males, there was also a significant increase in absolute liver weight, an increased incidence of chronic nephropathy and an increased incidence of testicular enlargement at this middose level. At the high dose of 80 mg/kg bw/day, there was a significant decrease in body weight (greater than 20%) and a significant increase in absolute and relative thyroid weights in both male and female rats compared to control animals. Macroscopic changes of the liver, erythroid/myeloid hyperplasia of the rib marrow and erythroid/myeloid metaplasia of the spleen were also observed
significant increase in absolute and relative kidney weights
significant increase in relative liver and kidney weights
significant increase in absolute kidney and relative liver weights
Effects in the seminal vesicle (decreased secretory product and atrophy) reached statistical significance starting from 5 mg/kg bw/day, the lowest dose level tested. Effects observed in the male reproductive system might be secondary to an effect on the testicular interstitial cell tumours. Female reproductive organs were not analyzed in this study
significant decrease in food consumption and in body weights and clinical signs of toxicity
significant increase in the rate of resorption, a significant decrease in the fetal viability index and retarded skeletal development
significant increase in absolute and relative kidney weights at the next dose level of 200 mg/kg bw/day. Increased mortality (11/15 dams) and clinical signs of toxicity were observed at 400 mg/kg bw/day
significant increase in foetal deaths at the next dose level of 400 mg/kg bw/day. Performance of functional tests including open field, water maze, rota rod, inclined screen, pain reflex and preyer's reflex were comparable to controls in the pups at dose levels of 200 mg/kg bw/day and below
based on parental urinary bladder hyperplasia and reduced body weight
A slight decrease in body weight gain was observed in females. increase in the incidence and severity of urinary bladder hyperplasia was also observed in male and female rats
A significant dose-related increase in absolute and relative liver weights was observed in male and female mice receiving 1000 or 3500 mg TBP/kg
based on the occurrence of urinary bladder hyperplasia and reduced body weight
Postnatal effects on the pup during lactation (reduced pup body weight) were observed
significant decrease in maternal body weight gain
significantly increased incidence of fetuses with rudimentary lumbar ribs was observed at the highest dose
decreased body weight and body weight gain
reduced fetal body weights and delayed ossification
significant reduction in conduction velocity of the caudal nerve was observed at the high dose in male rats, and morphological changes (retraction of Schwann cell processes) in unmyelinated fibres of the sciatic nerve were observed on electron microscopic examination
changes in clinical chemistry (increases in alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities; significant decrease in globulin fraction) and liver pathology (an increased incidence of liver cell necrosis, hemosiderosis of Kupffer cells in the vicinity, cytoplasmic vacuoles in hepatocytes, liver cell hypertrophy) observed
 Treatment-related effects were observed at all dose levels in a dose-related manner, as evidenced by clinical pathology, organ weight changes and increased incidence or severity of histopathological lesions (especially of the liver). A statistically significant and generally dose-related reduction in measures of oxygen-carrying capacity, including reduced red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit, was noted in all dose groups, reaching a level of toxicological significance at a dose of 200 mg/kg bw per day; hematopoietic system was noted as a regenerative response in the spleen by an increased severity (but not incidence) of splenic hematopoiesis ;  increases in enzymes indicative of liver injury included aspartate aminotransferase,  alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase;  increase in triglyceride level; decrease in cholesterol level;A slight increase in the number of animals with liver lesions .
A statistically significant decrease in relative spleen weight (11-12%) and increase in relative kidney weight (12-17%) were seen; A statistically significant and dose-dependent decrease in cholesterol level in the presence of mild liver centrilobular cytomegaly was observed in males
clinical signs of toxicity, liver damage and enhanced hematopoietic activity were observed at the lowest dose tested: 1 dead
No deaths or effects on body weight gain, feed consumption or water consumption were seen. Pasty to thin feces were observed occasionally in all groups and were considered not treatment related. Compared with controls, no treatment-related effects were seen in hematology, clinical chemistry or urinalysis parameters at the top dose, the only dose level examined. No treatment-related histological findings or effects on organ weight were seen at any dose level
based on treatment-related liver morphology changes observed at 25 mg/kg-day. There were treatment-related morphological changes in the livers (including focal acidophilic to granular degeneration of the cytoplasm of hepatocytes) of most animals; One male receiving 100 mg/kg bw per day died after 23 days on test and another 100 mg/kg bw per day male was sacrificed in extremis after 26 days, one female receiving 50 mg/kg bw per day was sacrificed in extremis after 57 days. Each of the three animals that died or was sacrificed during the study displayed weight loss, anorexia, lethargy and symptoms of jaundice 3-5 days prior to death. Upon autopsy, histopathological examination of tissues revealed that the jaundice was a result of hepatotoxicity.
based on effects on urinalysis parameters together with blood in the urine in both sexes; Polyuria (increased urination; statistically significant and dose related) was observed; A slight to moderate increased incidence of blood in urine; decreases in urine specific gravity and osmolarity; Increased coagulation times and statistically significant changes in red blood cell morphology; increases in relative liver and brain weight; nephrotoxicity (tubular casts, basophilia and dilation) was reported;
based on reduced mean body weight observed
based on reduced pup weights and reduced pup viability in both generations
A significant increased incidence of absent spermatozoa and abnormal spermatogenic cells and reduced numbers of spermatozoa in the epididymides was observed at a dose of 250; An increased incidence of partial depletion of one or more generations of germ cells within the testis was also observed
significant decrease in the weight of testis and sex accessory tissues (SATs) at 10 and 20; decrease in the activity of both the testicular steroidogenic enzymes (1-HSD and 17-HSD) was observed at two higher dose; decrease in the serum LH (38.5%), FSH (17%), cholesterol (35%), pregnenolone (31%), and testosterone (41%) levels was reported in males treated with a dose of 20;  Several histopathological abnormalities were observed in cauda epididymis (CE), ductus deference and prostate from rats treated at the highest dose; 34% decrease in the daily sperm production (DSP) per gram of testis was reported in males at 20 mg/kg bw per day as compared to the control. ***However, concerns regarding the potential dioxin contamination in the triclosan used in this study were raised by others (Axelstad et al. 2013). As well, there are some concerns regarding the low dosing volumes used in this study***
dose-responsive decrease in daily sperm production and dose-responsive increase in sperm abnormalities were observed at 50; increased numbers of abnormal sperm heads and tails, reduced hook (banana head), and bent flagella; decreases in both final body weight and ventral prostate gland weight were also observed; Minor changes in the cauda epididymis;
A significant decrease in the serum testosterone level (60%) was observed at 200 (no dose response);
significant decreases in body weight and feed consumption and statistically significant decreases in body weight gain over the period of treatment
No treatment-related external, visceral or skeletal malformations or variations were observed in fetuses
transient diarrhea, statistically significant decreases in body weight gain during treatment, and reduced feed consumption and increased water consumption from onset of treatment through gestation
maternal toxicity appeared to be minor, with liver weight increases and 1 out of 25 dams with a tan-coloured liver at 75
significant increased incidence of variations (characterized as irregular ossification of the phalanges) at 350. Irregular ossification of interfrontal bones (an extra bone between the frontal bones of the skull) was reported at 75.Fetal weight was decreased
Signs of vomiting were reported at 100; Failure to eat was reported at 100; Dose-related increases in incidences of diarrhea (4-6 hours after dosing or during the night) occurred within the first 90 days of exposure; significant increases in mean relative kidney and liver weights were reported and in mean absolute brain weight; an effect on the lining of the stomach was observed.
significant decreases in body weight in male and female rats and non-neoplastic changes of the liver in males . Changes in hematology were considered toxicologically insignificant.
increased incidence of liver neoplasms in males and females; A dose-related increase in the activities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase was observed; Significant decreases in both albumin and total protein levels were observed; Serum cholesterol level was markedly reduced at all doses; A dose-related increase in severity of hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed.
based on decreased body weight gain, increased mortality (males), nephropathy and histopathological findings in the stomach and testes
Decreased serum total thyroxine (T4) concentrations and increased liver weights were reported at 100 and higher doses
mean serum T4 concentrations were decreased in a dose-dependent manner; Triiodothyronine (T3) was affected only at 200mg/kg bw per day; liver weight in male rats was increased significantly at 100 mg/kg bw per day; suggestive of hepatic enzyme induction and increased clearance of thyroid hormones;
dose-dependent decreases in thyroid hormones, more pronounced for serum T4 than for T3. Total T4 decreased to 43% of control at 1000 mg/kg bw per day, and total T3 decreased to 89% and 75% of control at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw per day, respectively, while TSH levels remained unchanged;
 A dose-dependent decrease in thyroid hormone levels was observed at doses of 37.5-150 mg/kg bw; free serum T4 was decreased at 75 and 150 mg/kg bw per day;
Significantly decreased T4 levels were observed in dams on GD 15 and PND 16, but no significant effects on T4 levels were observed in offspring at the end of lactation; the study authors suggested that the lack of effect on T4 may have been caused by lack of triclosan entering the maternal milk.
A significant, dose-responsive and comparable decrease in T4 levels in both male and female offspring was observed at PND 16 at 50 (16%) and 150 mg/kg bw per day (39%)
based on increased mean absolute and relative kidney weights in male F-344/N rats and reduced serum cholinesterase activity in female rats 
based on increased absolute and relative weights of liver and kidney in female; Decreased serum cholinesterase activity and neuronal necrosis in the hippocampus were observed in females at 175 and 350
based on increased absolute liver weights and reduced absolute kidney weights in females. Renal tubule epithelial cells with enlarged nuclei observed in both sexes at 700 mg/kg-bw per day
based on renal tubule hyperplasia in male and female rat; non-neoplastic effects included a dose-related increase in renal tubule hyperplasia in both sexes. Also, gliosis, hemorrhage, hemosiderosis and mineralization in the cerebrum and brain stem were observed in female rats at the top dose (88 mg/kg-bw per day)
karyomegaly of tubule epithelial cells of the kidney was observed at 175 and 350 mg/kg-bw per day in both sexes ; The non-neoplastic effects included a dose-related increase in the incidence of karyomegaly in renal tubule epithelial cells in both sexes
Decreased maternal body weight gain was observed in exposed animals
In the high dose group, reduced food consumption, general weakness and death (7/30) of dams were observed
based on reduced number of litters per pair (F0 generation), decreased numbers of live pups per litter (both F0 and F1 generations) and maternal toxicity.  In the crossover mating trials conducted at 700 mg/kg-bw per day, decreased numbers of sperm, decreased sperm motility and increased percentages of abnormal sperm were observed in males; in females, no effects on estrous cycle or cyclicity were observed.
observed convulsions 60-90 min after dosing, hippocampal damage (loss of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells 7 days after dosing) and learning impairment (in a second study, impaired acquisition of a reference memory task in a water maze observed when rats tested 3 weeks after exposure) in female F-344 rats administered a single oral gavage dose of 275 mg/kg-bw
Brain neuropathy target esterase inhibited by 30% and plasma cholinesterase inhibited by 87% 24 h after first dose; Other effects after the first dose included decreased body weight, feather loss and cessation of egg production, and 4 of 18 treated hens died within 6 weeks of the first dose. No delayed neurotoxicity was observed
no neurotoxicity after 21 days of observation
The pronounced emetic response/resultant loss of test material after gavage precluded the administration of higher dose levels to the Beagle dog.
Even at the highest tested dose level of 625 ppm, corresponding to 25 mg/kg bw/day of ingested test material, no treatment-related effects could be evidenced.
slight increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity
No effect on survival, body weight, Opthalmoscopic examination, Urinanalysis,  Organ weight, gross pathology and histopathology
Increased cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride concentrations and elevated alkaline phosphatase activity. Increased liver weight and associated microscopic lesions.
The evaluated No Observed Effect Level of Ametryn Technical in Beagle dogs was 400 ppm in food which is equivalent to 7.81 mg/kg Bwt/day in males and 6.64 mg/kg Bwtl/ay in females.
Changes in the liver. Increased liver weight and hepatocytic hypertrophy. Reduced body weight gain, reduced food consumption Elevated phosphatase activities
based on reduced body weight and food consumption and alteration in clinical blood parameters
(i.e., equivalent to > 23 mg a.i./kg bw/day)
Test-article related adverse effects were seen at higher doses. No adverse effects occurred at 200 ppm.
The administration of 500 mg/kg bw/day was tolerated by the male and female dogs without any changes that could be related to the test substance.
Adverse effects were observed at the 2 higher dose levels (900 and 2470 ppm). No adverse effects on general health, growth, hematology parameters, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis at this dose level (300 ppm).
There was no effect of treatment at this dose level.
(based on the onset of nephrotoxicity indicated by polyuria)
increased mortality, reduced bodyweight gain, increased water consumption, urinary output and plasma urea nitrogen values, nephropathy, lesions in the stomach, changes in the epididymides (males) and testes (males).
Liver functional and morphological changes Altered clinical chemistry Tubular degeneration and a reduced number of spermatocytes in the testes Gall bladder calculi Reduced prostrate weight and increased mineralisation Slight depression in bone marrow
There was an increase in the liver weights in the 1.0% group, however there were no pathological changes or other changes evident in monkeys fed up to 1.0% in the diet.
no adverse effects observed related to treatment
Males and females given 1560 mg/kg bw/day showed a 10-25% reduction in body-weight gain.
reduced water consumption and body weight gain (280 mg/kg bw/day)
dose corresponds to 370 mg/kg bw/day; reduced body weight related to reduced water consumption; limited number of parameters tested (carcinogenicity study)
Survival, clinical signs, body weight gain, neoplastic histopathology
histopathology: chronic forestomach inflammation, hyperplasia, and papillomas
At doses at and above 2000 ppm in female mice both neoplastic and non-neoplastic effects were identified.
Based on non-neoplastic kidney effects at 6000 ppm.
Decrease in serum cholesterol and phospholipids in males of the 5000 mg/L dose group.
effect on food consumption,body weight,organ weight were observed
based on clinical signs and body-weight gain
Reduced body weight. Corresponding to 2000 ppm.
Reduced body weight. Corresponding to 1000 ppm.
>=2500 ppm: increased relative and absolute liver and kidney weights
Mortality, clinical signs and histopathology
clinical signs; mortality; body weight; haematology; gross pathology; organ weights.
Effects observed in Body weight, Clinical signs, organ weight, hematology  and histopathology
(Basis for effect: hepatic toxicity) (LOAEL ~ 200 mg/kg bw/day in males, ~ 270 mg/kg bw/day in females)
Steroid hormone-related effect on male fertility in this dose group based on sperm investigations (Sperm motility in 50 mg/kg males was significantly lower).
(based on liver changes; this dose level was considered as NOAEL based on haematotoxicity when excepting the target organ liver)
This NOAEL is considered as a worst case since reduction weight gain (considered as adverse effect)  at the highest dose was observed only during the two last weeks of treatment (week 101 and week 104). Expert judgment.
Maximum 13.9%  transient reduction in body weight at week 101  only, at the highest dose.Body weight gain decrease up to 21%  within the entire study. Reduction body weight gain higher to 10 % from week 49. Expert judgment.
No effect up to the highest dose level tested in males
No effect on survival, gross pathology and histopathology
No adverse effect on survival, body weight, hematology, gross pathology and histopathology
based on reduced body weight and food consumption, altered haematological parameters and clinical signs
Clinical signs; functional changes of the liver; testis and thymus weights increased in males
No mortality and no significant changes in body weight, body weight gain, gross pathology and histopathology in both sexes of mice exposed for 90 days to Eugenol containing diet f up to 6000 ppm (equivalent to 900 mg/kg bw/d). Expert judgment.
Decreased body weight gain. Recalculated to be approx. 200 mg/kg bw/day.
(i.e., 6.5 and 8.25 mg/kg bw/day for the males and females, respectively)
(i.e., 136 and 169 mg/kg bw/day for the males and females, respectively);  based on liver effects.
Based on centrilobular hypertrophy in adult males at 300 ppm
The EU RAR Update 2008 concluded that NOAEL is 300 ppm based on reduced body weight and effects on liver and kidney weight and histopathology at 3500 ppm
Based on reduced body weight spleen and testes weights and delay in acquisition of puberty in F1 males at 3500 ppm
(based on dose-related changes in haematology parameters (decreased in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), increased liver weight, and depression in total cholesterol seen from 25 mg/kg bw/da upward)
no effects were observed after 13 w of exposure for males/female mice.
Based on body weight reduction in rats and female mice and increased incidence of multinucleated hepatocellular giant cells in male mice
Based on cecal enlargement in male rats at 250 ppm.
Based on the presence of multinucleated giant hepatocytes in male mice at 5000 ppm.
Corresponding to 15000 ppm (highest dose tested).
Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), significant reduction in ALP, TP, ALB, TC and HDL
No non-neoplastic effects were observed, but the high-dose females (given 600 mg/kg bw/day) showed an increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia.
Mean body weights of high-dose rats of either sex were lower than those of the controls throughout the study.
reduced water consumption (200 mg/kg bw/day)
corresponding to 450 mg/kg bw/day; NOAEL because reduced body weight related to reduced water consumption; limited number of parameters tested (carcinogenicity study)
Based on the increased incidence of hyperplasia and adenomas (and one carcinoma) of the pancreatic acinar cells at 500 mg/kg bw/day.
Based on the increased incidences of hyperplasia and transitional epithelial papillomas in the urinary bladder at 1200 mg/kg bw/day.
Effects observed in Body weight, Survival rates, hematology and histopathology
Compound-related effects were observed at concentrations > 500 ppm
A statistically significant (and dose-dependent) increase in simple transitional cell hyperplasia and deposit of hemosiderin was observed at levels at and above 1500 ppm.
body weight and nervous system depression
No toxicologically relevant effects were noted in the study
body weight, food consumption, organ weights, Leydig cell hyperplasia, haematology
corresponding to 2% test substance in the diet
based on clinical signs, mortality (males), haematological effect, and some evidence of histological changes (kidney, thymus).
Decreased red blood cells and haemogobin; increased MCV and MCH; increased incidence of slight to moderate hyperplasia in the kidney and urinary bladder.
Periarteritis (females) and nephrophathy (males).
reduced water consumption at 1000 ppm (107 mg/kg bw/day in females and 83 mg/kg bw/day in males)
Neurotoxicity (360 or 308 mg/kg bw/day in females or males, respectively)
Neglecting the effect on males at 50 ppm
based on reduced body weight and food consumption and alterations in clinical blood chemistry
No adverse effects observed at this dose level
>= 7500 ppm: increased relative liver and kidney weights
>=175 mg/kg bw/d: increased mortality, clinical signs includinglethargy, exessive salivation, tremor and occasional convulsions and comas, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity
clinical signs; gross pathology; histopathology: periportal hepatocellular necrosis and fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, hepatocellular nodular hyperplasia
histopathology: hepatocellular basophilia, cellular and nuclear hypertrophy, nuclear hyperchromatism
decreased body weight gain, increased liver weights,
decreased body weight gain, increased liver weights
Corresponding to 12000 ppm (highest dose tested).
Effects observed in Body weight, clinical chemicsry, hematology  and histopathology
(Basis for effect: hepatic and renal toxicities)  (LOAEL ~ 75 mg/kg bw/day in males, ~ 80 mg/kg bw/day in females)
Steroid hormone-related effect on male fertility in the next higher dose group based on sperm investigations (The numbers of sperm per mg cauda epididymis were significantly decreased).
slight increase in relative liver weights
decreased body weights, increased absolute and relative liver weights, decreased absolute and rel. testis weights, atrophy of testicular tubules and spermatogenic arrest and epididymis, hypospermia
decreased body weights, increased absolute and relative liver weights
Reduced body weight up to 15% from weeks 51 to 102 of treatment and a decreased of body weight gain of 10% within the 104 weeks were measured in high dose female group . Expert judgment.
corresponding to 4000 ppm; based on structural alterations in the urinary bladder
corresponding to 10,000 ppm; based on renal mineralisation, renal cystic tubular dilatation, renal infarct
No effect on survival, body weight, organ weigh, gross pathology and histopathology
corresponding to the highest dose tested (equivalent to 2% test substance in the diet)
Testicular atrophy and reduced epididymal spermatozoa concentration at 25000 ppm (1660 mg/kg bw/day)
(Basis for effects: hemathology, liver and kidney weight and liver cells hyperthrophy)
(Basis for effect: No treatment-related adverse effects observed at the highest dose, 20 mg/kg bw/day)
decreased iron pigment of the ameloblasts at maturation stage in the incisors in both sexes, increased relative kidney weight in males, and increased absolute and relative liver weights in females of the 25 mg/kg group
clinical signs; mortality; body weight; food consumption; ophthalmoscopic examination; haematology; clinical chemistry; gross pathology; organ weights; histopathology.
Increased relative liver weight in males with no accompanying microscopic changes. Reduced serum urea in females. Macroscopically enlarged caecum in males. These changes were not of toxicological significance.
no mortality nor clinical effects were observed
overall effects (clinical signs; body weight; water consumption; haematology; clinical chemistry; urinalysis; gross pathology; organ weights; histopathology)
body weight gain, urinalysis (proteinuria, urobilinogen, pH), kidney weight, histological changes in caecum
relative liver weight, increased extramedullary hematopoiesis and overall splenic effects
Effects limited to clinical signs; doubtful reporting
increased liver weights, changes in hematology, adverse effects on testis (e.g. sperm retention and degeneration of step 19 spermatids)
Steroid hormone-related effects, i.e. slight alteration of hematological parameters (erythrocytes, hemoglobin) and indications of beginning uterus atrophy in this dose group.
A number of adverse effects (see below) were reported at higher dose levels (1000 and 4000 ppm). No test-substance specific effects were noted at this concentration (250 ppm).
lower weight gain and increased blood urea concentrations observed at 3300mg/kg/day level
Based on all results observed. Males more sensitive than females.
body weight gain and elevated alkaline phosphatase values in plasma in male animals
tentative salivation, increased relative liver weight accompanied by centrilobular hypertrophy
tentative salivation, increased liver weight
apathy, prone position, slight to severe atactic gait, flat footed gait, partly stradding
Decreased bodyweight gain in females at the next higher dose.
Slightly lower bodyweight, corresponding to lower food consumption, in first 13 weeks
-decreased body weight gain and food intake; hematology and clinical chemistry changes; organ weight changes seen at 500 ppm and 2000 ppm dose groups
No adverse effects on the general health, growth, hematological and clinical parameters at the low-dose (250 ppm) group.  Adverse effects reported in mid-dose (750 ppm) and high-dose (2250 ppm) groups.
Histopathological effects seen in kidneys of male animals.
No dose dependent adverse alterations observed.
6% lower final body weight observed in female rats administered 12500 ppm eugenol (equivalent to 1250 mg/kg body weight) compared to control females. Expert judgment.
No significant differences were observed in the growth rate, food efficiency, organ weights, blood urea nitrogen values or histopathology.
The daily dose was calculated to be 151.0 mg/kg for males and 174.2 mg/kg for females.
Decrease in relative body weights, atrophy of mammary gland
regenerative anaemia, effects on liver (hypertrophy), uterus (epithelial metaplasia) and ovaries (relative weights)
No toxicologically significant effects in males or females, although some changes in hematological and blood biochemical parameters and a marginal increase in histiocytosis and mastocytosis were observed at this dose level.
Treatment related effect on body weight gain, food consumption, changes at clinical pathology and histiocytosis and mastocytosis in mesenteric lymph nodes.
30 ppm were calculated to be approximately 2.08 mg/kg body weight/day
100 ppm are calculated to be 7.32 mg/kg body weight /day
corresponding to 8% test substance in the diet
body weight; food consumption; haematology; clinical chemistry; organ weights; histopathology
Findings were limited to slight decreases in body weight gains, increased absolute/relative liver weights, a slight increased incidence of small testes and an increase in the severity of tubular atrophy.
Findings were limited to the occurrence of necrosis and of single cell necrosis in the liver.
Lack of adverse effects on in-life parameters and clinical and anatomic pathology parameters.
oral administration of m-DIPB to male Crl:CD(SD) rats at dosage levels of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day for up to 91 or 92 days resulted in adverse microscopic changes in the stomach (leading to erosion and/or ulcer).
At 1000 mg/kg bw/day increased relative liver (m/f) and kidney weight (m) was observed.   In addition, histopathology revealed increased eosinophilic and hyaline droplets in the kidney (m/f).  Increased follicle atresia in the ovary (f) were found.
Based on reduced body weight, increased kidney effects and renal tubular effects at 300 mg/kg/day
No significant effects were seen in the F1 generation.
decreased body weight gain. Recalculated to be approx. 630 mg/kg bw/d.
corresponding to 71 mg/kg bw/day; effects at 300 mg/kg bw/day
corresponding to 300 mg/kg bw/day; decreased body weight/body weight gain, decreased food consumption, increased organ to body weight ratios secondary to reduced water consumption (flavour aversion to phenol).
Abnormal respiratory sounds in a females in and decreased plasma albumin in males was reported in the 200 mg/kg body weight/day
Clinical signs; body weight; food consumption;
Based on mortality and decreased body weight in males and females and on increased duration of diestrous cycle in females at the highest dose (600 mg/kg-day)
Based on body weight reduction in adult females at 750 ppm
The EU RAR 2003 concluded that the NOAEL for systemic toxicity in this study is 50 mg/kg/day, based on consistent and significant reductions in body weight gain in both sexes and renal tubule degeneration in females only at 7500 ppm
Based on reduced body weights in males and females, delayed vaginal patency in females and preputial separation in males (associated with the reduced body weights) and reduced litter size at 7500 ppm
Kidney: Basophilic epithelium occasionally with mitotic figures in proximal convoluted tubules in males; Higher food and water consumption in females; lower cholesterol levels in females.
(corresponding to ca. 33.5 and 34 mg/kg bw/day for males and females, respectively)
(corresponding to ca. 107 and 113 mg/kg bw/day for males and females, respectively); based on reduced WBC counts in females and increased clotting time/decreased monocyte count in males.
Bodyweight gain in F0 generation and a yellowish tinge to the fur in all generations.
No appreciably modifies in growth curves or final weights.
Effects on body weight and organ weight in 1.0 (750 mg/kg) and 5.0% (3160 mg/kg) dose groups
no effects (clinical signs; mortality; body weight; food consumption; hematology; clinical chemistry; gross pathology; organ weights; histopathology) observed in all dose groups
Giant cell formation in the testis, decrease in sperm motility ratio and number of sperms in the cauda epididymis, increase in abnormal sperm ratio.
suppression of body weight gain during lactation period, lower food consumption during pre-mating, pregnancy and lactation periods.
Effects observed at 381 mg/kg bw/day and above included histopathological changes in the pancreas, gross pathological changes in the liver, and a significant increase in relative kidney weight.