17.4 References

  1. A. M. McQuilling and P. J. Adams, “Semi-empirical process-based models for ammonia emissions from beef, swine, and poultry operations in the United States,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 120, pp. 127–136, Nov. 2015.
  2. A. McQuilling, 2016, Ammonia Emissions from Livestock in the United States: From Farm-Level Models to a New National Inventory, Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, available at: https://kilthub.cmu.edu/articles/Ammonia_Emissions_from_Livestock_in_the_United_States_From_Farm-Level_Models_to_a_New_National_Inventory/6714665
  3. U.S. EPA, 2025. Draft Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2023, Chapter 5, Agriculture. EPA-HQ-OAR-2024-0591-0003. Available at https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OAR-2024-0591-0003
  4. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Quick Stats. https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/
  5. R. W. Pinder, N. J. Pekney, C. I. Davidson, and P. J. Adams, “A process-based model of ammonia emissions from dairy cows: improved temporal and spatial resolution,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 1357–1365, Mar. 2004.
  6. R. W. Pinder, R. Strader, C. I. Davidson, and P. J. Adams, “A temporally and spatially resolved ammonia emission inventory for dairy cows in the United States,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 38, no. 23, pp. 3747–3756, Jul. 2004.
  7. R. W. Pinder, P. J. Adams, S. N. Pandis, and A. B. Gilliland, “Temporally resolved ammonia emission inventories: Current estimates, evaluation tools, and measurement needs,” J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, vol. 111, no. D16, p. D16310, Aug. 2006.
  8. Battye, R. W. Battye, C. Overcash, S. Fudge, 1994. Development and Selection of Ammonia Emission Factors, Final Report. EPA Contract 68-D3-0034, Work Assignment 0-3. Available at: https://nepis.epa.gov/
  9. https://www.cmascenter.org/smoke/
  10. USDA-APHIS, “Feedlot 2011 – Part I: Management Practices on US Feedlots with a Capacity of 1000 or More Head,” 2013.
  11. USDA-APHIS, “Feedlot 2011 – Part II: Management Practices on US Feedlots with a capacity of Fewer than 1000 Head,” 2013.
  12. USDA-APHIS, “Beef 2007-2008 – Part I: Reference of Beef Cow-calf Management Practices in the United States, 2007-08,” 2009.
  13. USDA-APHIS, “Beef 2007-2008– Part II: Reference of Beef Cow-calf Management Practices in the United States, 2007-08,” 2009.
  14. USDA-APHIS, “Beef 2007-08 – Part III: Changes in the US Beef Cow-calf Industry, 1993-2008,” 2009.
  15. USDA-APHIS, “Dairy 2007– Part V: Changes in Dairy Cattle Health and Management Practices in the United States, 1996-2007,” 2007.
  16. USDA-APHIS, “Dairy 2007– Part III: Reference of Dairy Cattle Health and Management Practices in the United States, 2007,” 2007.
  17. USDA-APHIS, “Dairy 2007– Part II: Changes in the US Dairy Cattle Industry, 1991-2007,” 2007.
  18. USDA-APHIS, “Dairy 2002– Part II: Changes in the United States Dairy Industry, 1991-2002,” 2002.
  19. USDA-APHIS, “Dairy 2002– Part 1: Reference of Dairy Health and Management in the United States, 2002,” 2002.
  20. USDA-APHIS, “Swine 2006 – Part I: Reference of Swine Health and Management Practices in the United States, 2006,” 2007.
  21. USDA-APHIS, “Swine 2006 – Part II: Reference of Swine Health and Health Management Practices in the United States, 2006,” 2008.
  22. USDA-APHIS, “Swine 2006 – Part III: Reference of Swine Health, Productivity, and General Management in the United States, 2006,” 2008.
  23. USDA-APHIS, “Swine 2006 – Part IV: Changes in the US Pork Industry, 1990-2006,” 2008.
  24. USDA-APHIS, “Poultry ’04 – Part II: Reference of Health and Management of Gamefowl Breeder Flocks in the United States, 2004,” 2005.
  25. USDA-APHIS, “Poultry ’04 – Part III: Reference of Management Practices in Live-Poultry Markets in the United States, 2004,” 2005.
  26. USDA-APHIS, “Poultry 2010 – Reference of Health and Management Practices on Breeder Chicken Farms in the United States, 2010,” 2005.
  27. USDA-APHIS, “Poultry 2010: Structure of the US Poultry Industry, 2010,” 2011.
  28. USDA-APHIS, “Part II: Reference of 1999 Table Egg Layer Management in the US,” 2000.
  29. USDA-APHIS, “Layers 2013–Part 1: Reference of Health and Management Practices on Table-Egg Farms in the United States 2013,” 2014.
  30. USDA-APHIS, “Layers 2013 – Part III: Trends in Health and Management Practices on Table-Egg Farms in the United States, 1999-2013,” 2014.
  31. US EPA’s National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS), https://www.epa.gov/afos-air/national-air-emissions-monitoring-study
  32. M. Wesely and B. Hicks, “Some factors that affect the deposition rates of sulfur dioxide and similar gases on vegetation,” J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., vol. 27.11, pp. 1110–1116, 1977.
  33. N. Hutchings, S. Sommer, and S. Jarvis, “A model of ammonia volatilization from a grazing livestock farm,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 30.4, pp. 589–599, 1996.
  34. S. Sommer and N. Hutchings, “Ammonia emission from field applied manure and its reduction—invited paper,” Eur. J. Agron., vol. 15.1, pp. 1–15, 2001.
  35. J. Olesen and S. Sommer, “Modelling effects of wind speed and surface cover on ammonia volatilization from stored pig slurry,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 27.16, pp. 2567–2574, 1993.