31.3 References

  1. 2020 Asphalt Usage Survey for the United States and Canada. The Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY.
  2. Williams, B.A. and J.R. Willis. 2025. Asphalt Paventment Industry on Recycled Materials and Warm-Mix Asphalt Usage: 2023. National Asphalt Pavement Association.
  3. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Center for Accelerating Innovation. Warm Mix Asphalt FAQs.
  4. Khare, P., Machesky, J., Soto, R., He, M., Presto, A.A., Gentner, D.R., Asphalt-related emissions are a major missing nontraditional source of secondary organic aerosol precursors. Science Advances, 6, 35, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb9785.
  5. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Functional System Length, Table HM-51 – Highways Statistics 2020.
  6. Annual Value of Private Nonresidential Construction Put in Place by State, 2008-2022, U.S. Census Bureau, 2023.
  7. Annual Value of State and Local Construction Put in Place by State, 2006-2022, U.S. Census Bureau, 2023.
  8. County Population Totals: 2020-2022, U.S. Census Bureau, 2023.
  9. Cutback Asphalt MSDS
Product Supplier MSDS/SDS ID
Valero 2013V04
Asphalt Emulsion Industries CUT-SDS-1
Martin Asphalt Company Jan 2007
Mohawk Asphalt Emulsions UN1999
Asphalt and Fuel Supply 211
Valero 211
Valero 210
Pollutant Avg. Wght. Percent Emission Factor [lb/ton]*
Naphtha 40 760
Naphthalene & PAH*** 0.58 11.02
Toluene*** 0.59 11.21
Xylene*** 0.99 18.81
Benzene*** 0.19 3.61
Ethylbenzene*** 0.49 9.31
Hydrogen Sulfide*** 0.09 1.71
Total VOC** – 813.96

* = Assumes 95% volatilization
** = Excludes hydrogen sulfide (not organic)
*** = Is a Hazardous Air Pollutant

  1. Emulsified Asphalt MSDS
Product Supplier MSDS/SDS ID
Marathon 0137MAR019
Marathon 0138MAR019
Asphalt Emulsion Industries EMU-SDS-1
U.S. Oil and Refining Co.  951
Pollutant Avg. Wght. Percent Emission Factor [lb/ton]*
Naphtha 10 190
Naphthalene & PAH*** 0.29 5.51
Hydrogen Sulfide*** 0.09 1.71
Total VOC** – 195.51

* = Assumes 95% volatilization
** = Excludes hydrogen sulfide (not organic)
*** = Is a Hazardous Air Pollutant